Introduction
Male infertility represents a major global health concern, accounting for approximately half of all infertility cases among couples. Defined as the inability to achieve conception after one year of regular unprotected intercourse due to male factors, infertility requires comprehensive evaluation through andrology to identify reversible and irreversible causes.
Causes of Male Infertility
The etiology of male infertility is multifactorial. Common causes include sperm production disorders, hormonal imbalances, varicocele, genetic abnormalities, infections, and obstruction of the reproductive tract. Environmental exposure to toxins, excessive heat, radiation, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals further contributes to declining male fertility worldwide.
Diagnostic Evaluation
Andrological assessment begins with a detailed medical and reproductive history, followed by physical examination and semen analysis. Hormonal testing, genetic screening, erotic testing, scrotal ultrasonography, and advanced sperm function tests may be employed to refine diagnosis.
Treatment Approaches
Management strategies depend on the underlying cause. Options include hormonal therapy, surgical correction, antioxidant supplementation, lifestyle modification, and assisted reproductive techniques such as intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization.
Conclusion
Male infertility is a complex but often manageable condition. Andrology provides evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that significantly improve reproductive outcomes and psychological well-being for affected individuals.